Sunday, May 20, 2012

Fabrice Monteiro's Amazing Images of Brown. Fugitive Slaves In Slave Torture Devices

"Marrons. Les esclaves fugitifs" (Brown Runaway Fugitive Slaves) photographed by Fabrice Monteiro

"Brown. Fugitive Slave," is an article published in his newsletter Africultures is an evocation of runaways through the eyes of Fabrice Monteiro. An article that is timely to commemorate the 163 th anniversary of the abolition of slavery in Guadeloupe, 27 May 2011 .


"Marrons. Les esclaves fugitifs" (Brown Runaway Fugitive Slaves) photographed by Fabrice Monteiro

"Maroon" is a term borrowed from the Spanish "cimarron," meaning "living on the peaks."

It comes from a word "Arawak" defining domestic animals returned to the wild, and by extension, runaway slaves. The "Maroon" was a terrible threat to the colonial system, they were likely to provoke a civil war at any time. Fugitive slaves were monitored continuously and the sentences at the slightest deviation were particularly severe, they had to make an impression.

"Marrons. Les esclaves fugitifs" (Brown Runaway Fugitive Slaves) photographed by Fabrice Monteiro

Slaves who tried to escape suffering the punishment described by the law then they were made to wear a heavy iron necklace with long stems, which had the function to hang in the brush and hamper any escape. In the same spirit, they existed in shackles bells, can hear every movement of the slave. The slave who dared to speak a bit to his master suffered the punishment of the Iron Mask. Similarly, during the harvest of sugarcane, were put in iron masks to hungry and thirsty slaves to prevent them from tasting or eating the cane.


"Marrons. Les esclaves fugitifs" (Brown Runaway Fugitive Slaves) photographed by Fabrice Monteiro

During childhood in Benin, Fabrice Monteiro is marked by the cartoon "The Passengers of the Wind" of Bud Francis. Part of the adventure takes place in Ouidah, Benin, home village of his father's family. He is fascinated by the realism of images, it recognizes the scene drawn, the faces are familiar to him. It is in these pages he discovered these strange necklaces worn by some slaves to keep them from escaping. His father tells him the story of his family and why he wears a name like many other Portuguese Benin. His ancestor was named Ayedabo Adagoun Odo, his native Nigeria. He is enslaved by the Portuguese and sent to Brazil. He returned to Benin years later, freed by the name of Pedro Monteiro.

"Marrons. Les esclaves fugitifs" (Brown Runaway Fugitive Slaves) photographed by Fabrice Monteiro

Sensitive to the issue of the slave trade and the role of this small village on the coast of Benin, Fabrice decides to explore the subject photographically to contribute to the memory of slavery. From the * CODE BLACK, lithographs and of the few original photos of slaves, Fabrice plans reconstructs five models of barriers used to punish or deter the slaves of their escape. It is from these plans that two young blacksmiths Benin reproduce barriers staged in this photographic series. To obtain an effect of chiaroscuro, he chose a modern approach to treatment of light. He designed a black box, allowing a mobile studio to meet its models through the streets of Ouidah.

"Marrons. Les esclaves fugitifs" (Brown Runaway Fugitive Slaves) photographed by Fabrice Monteiro


* The BLACK CODE was developed by the French minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert (1616 - 1683) and promulgated in March 1685 by Louis XIV. [source: Fabrice Monteiro ( Article published by Africultures on 05/05/2011)]

"Marrons. Les esclaves fugitifs" (Runaway Fugitive Slaves) photographed by Fabrice Monteiro




"Marrons. Les esclaves fugitifs" (Runaway Fugitive Slaves) photographed by Fabrice Monteiro


"Marrons. Les esclaves fugitifs" (Runaway Fugitive Slaves) photographed by Fabrice Monteiro





RON'S COMMENTS:  Yes, these powerful images are disturbing.  It reminds us that human beings sit at the forefront of ALL enslavement.  The state-sponsored institutionalization of human trafficking and bondage for profit involves human beings.  Millions upon millions of nameless, faceless people who toiled for the enrichment of plutocrats, merchants, kings, queens, aristocrats, planters, shipbuilders, bankers, insurance brokers, shareholders and the like.  They were never paid, never thanked, even after emancipation never made whole.  I honor their spirit of survival.  

This small blog tries to offer a space to historically discuss and make sense of their inhuman bondage.  

160 comments:

  1. My heart aches seeing these people having those metals on their neck :<

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Yes, I totally agree with your statement.

      Fabrice Monteiro's photographs offers powerfully haunting images that humanizes the torment and pain of enslaved human beings.

      Since I'm going to be traveling for the next week or so, I won't be able to post any new items on this blog for a little while. Several months ago, I serendipitously ran across Fabrice Monteiro's photographs. I've been trying to research them, but unfortunately the only written works available seem to be written in French. That being said, the images are strong enough to hold their own without interpretation or analysis.

      Thanks for your thoughtful comments, keep reading the blog. You'll be confronted by disquieting images from time to time, but it's really difficult to draw a smiley face around institutionalized enslavement.

      --Ron Edwards, US Slave Blog

      Delete
    2. Mine as well...We've come so far and yet people still are killing instead of loving one another...the most important commandment God said is "Love."

      Delete
    3. Ron said...."Millions upon millions of nameless, faceless people who toiled for the enrichment of plutocrats, merchants, kings, queens, aristocrats, planters, shipbuilders, bankers, insurance brokers, shareholders and the like. They were never paid, never thanked, even after emancipation never made whole. I honor their spirit of survival."

      A SIMPLE CASE STATEMENT FOR REPARATIONS!

      Delete
    4. i like slaves...:)

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  2. A bold collection of photographs I think a lot of people would rather these be forgotten; America being the 'Land of The Free.' I utterly detest the notion that African Americans should be thankful for their freedom and it infuriates me when White Americans spew that garbage out... Only an aggressor would hold that stance.

    Great blog, sorry if I was ranting somewhat... I've been researching the Olympics/British Empire/Aboriginal Persecution... Living in the West you can soon be fooled into forgetting the horrible acts committed against humanity aren't exclusive to Arab nations..

    Hope your travels went well my friend!

    ReplyDelete
  3. All Americans should be thankful for their freedom. As a descendant of cival war veterans who fought for the freedom of slaves, it concerns me to see comments like the above.

    We need to learn from our shared history and appreciate each other and acknowledge how the past affects us even today. How many hundreds of years will it take for Americans to get beyond defining themselves by their race?

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. You said: {{All Americans should be thankful for their freedom.}}

      You're right. The USA has been an unfree nation, longer than it has been a free one. Unfortunately we tend to forget the level of unfree labor, in both scale and scope that built our nation. Africans weren't the only unfree labor in the land either ... in 1619 FOUR different people stood on the auction blocks of Jamestown -- African slaves, White English women (Virginia tobacco brides who were auctioned for 120 pounds of tobacco), Irish/English/Scottish/Welsh indentured servants (white slaves), and American Indians (sold to the colonies like Bermuda, Bahamas, and Barbados) ... we just seem to remember only the LAST slaves, not the plethora of unfree labor that toiled the land ... unthanked, unacknowledged, unremembered, unpaid and discarded in the dust bin of history.

      {{As a descendant of cival war veterans who fought for the freedom of slaves, it concerns me to see comments like the above.}}

      It took a mighty war to rid this country of a mighty crime. Over 600,000 soldiers were killed, countless others were wounded who lived with morphine addictions (since that was the one of the few painkillers available). The 180,000 black troops weren't even invited nor acknowledged in 1913 when President Woodrow Wilson presided over the 50th reunion of Civil War Vets in Gettysburg.

      The freed slaves DID NOT forget the Union soldiers who fought for their freedom. In fact, they started the first Memorial Day in the USA to commemorate their sacrifice. If you're unaware of this piece of American History take a look at the following posts on this subject:

      http://usslave.blogspot.com/2011/05/for-newark-star-ledger-first-decoration.html

      http://usslave.blogspot.com/2011/05/slaves-started-memorial-day.html

      It's not common knowledge, that's why this blog is relevant, because it aims to EDUCATE. We do our nation a disservice by not knowing the full story of our shared history.

      You said: {{We need to learn from our shared history and appreciate each other and acknowledge how the past affects us even today.}}

      I agree. Our history is absolutely fascinating! It should not be whitewashed, muted and sanitized. We need to know the fullness of the story. Much like the Civil War, we rarely speak of the population collapse of the civilians who lived in the midst of a War Zone. The dead men, women and children who were non-military thus not counted among the Civil War dead or the slaves who were not represented by ANY GOVERNMENT that died from disease (small pox ran rampant in the war zones), starvation, artillery fire, etc. Yes, war was indeed Hell.

      You said: {{How many hundreds of years will it take for Americans to get beyond defining themselves by their race?}}

      God only knows. But, thanks for your comments. Keep reading this blog, you may discover more American history.

      -- Ron Edwards, US Slave Blog

      Delete
    2. the civil war had nothing to do with freeing black slaves because the north felt bad about how they were being treated, its simply came down to what it always comes down to with the white man... money.

      Delete
    3. As if only white men are greedy and ruthless when it come to money.

      Delete
    4. @Ron... This is one of many false narratives and false equivolancies - The tobacco payment was intended to cover the cost of the woman's passage to Virginia and is why the Jamestown brides are sometimes referred to as “tobacco wives.” It is also why the women are frequently accused of having been sold.Aug 31, 2016

      The Mail-Order Brides of Jamestown, Virginia - The Atlantic

      Delete
  4. That comment (Nov. 7 2012, Anonymous) comes across as an attempt to sidestep the reality of slavery. I encounter this attitude in the Bible Belt all the time. It must be culturally tolerated there; I find it offensive.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I really didn't see that as an attempt to sidestep the reality of slavery. It happened. However, it IS time to move on. Pictures like these should help us work to prevent it from ever happening again, but it is not fair when blanket statements of any race or culture are used. We can't do anything about the past, but we can use the past to help us prevent atrocities in the future. We should ALL be thankful for our freedom. The white founding fathers of this country were willing to die and give up their fortunes for their freedom. The slaves were willing to die attempting to escape to their freedom. We ALL want to be free. If you look back in all of history, it is the norm of all conquering people to make slaves of the conquered or weak. We must all watch and learn the signs so that we may all remain free. In the meantime - be thankful that you are free.

      On another note, I think all of history should be taught with primary documents and original photos and artwork - keeping in mind that all are made by a person with a point of view. (another teachable moment in itself)

      Delete
    2. "The white founding fathers of this country were willing to die and give up their fortunes for their freedom."

      Nope: Many of the white founding fathers owned slaves and slave plantations and their fortunes, and that of their white contemporaries, were invested in the slave trade. Without the slave trade, they wouldn't have become rich and powerful and had the luxury of debating about freedom and liberty. The founding fathers did not even mention people of color in the Declaration of Independence or the Constitution of the United States.

      Delete
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  43. These are excruciating, revelatory photos, by far the most graphic and terrifying I've seen in connection with slavery. I hadn't realized such photos existed, nor have I ever seen or heard about anything like the various "devices" shown here.

    The following poem, from the book Both Sides of the Niger,by Andrew Kaufman is based in part on time the author spent visiting Ouidah, including the Point of No Return for slaves being shipped to the americas. Despite the title and first page, this poem is mainly about the slaves and the trans-Atlantic slave trade.

    "The French Military Cemetery of Ouidah, Benin"


    Each bronze plaque
    is set in a bed
    of light--

    brown gravel.
    Each lies in a frame
    of white-

    washed cement.
    Two-meter high walls
    guard the graves

    from view.
    Their whitewash,
    on which I steadied

    the camera
    to take the photo
    from which I write,

    is clean
    as the sun.
    At the head

    of each grave
    a bronze cross
    rises


    five inches
    in stunted
    resurrection.

    On a dais
    of gravel
    set off by a hedgerow,

    a frigate captain's
    pyramid-shaped tomb
    embossed with an anchor
    stands over
    the meticulously spaced
    rows and files.

    The sand
    is swept
    from the graves.

    The leaves
    are swept
    to a corner.

    Six dead even
    rows of eight
    graves each

    are set in the colonialist's
    symmetry and rage
    for order,

    so different
    from the African
    graveyards

    in the forests,
    the overgrown
    raw cement,

    some graves
    without stones,
    some stones

    without names,
    some tombs broken
    and vacant--

    so different
    from Ouidah's largest graveyard,
    the sea,
    on which most slaves
    sold here
    died in transport,

    in the holds
    of ships
    awaiting transport,

    the white of the waves,
    their markers
    and epitaphs,

    the white of the waves
    likewise as clean
    as the sun.

    andrewkaufman.wordpress.com

















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