Monday, April 4, 2011

Ota Benga The Congolese Pygmy Man in the Bronx Zoo



Ota Benga (1883-1916) was an African Congolese Pygmy, who was put on display in the monkey house at the Bronx Zoo in New York in1906

The Man in the Zoo

BY GEOFFREY C. WARD
On Sunday, September 9, 1906, a freshly painted sign greeted visitors to the Monkey House at the Bronx Zoological Gardens:

The African Pygmy, “Ota Benga.”
Age, 23 years. Height, 4 feet 11 inches.
Weight 103 pounds,
Brought from the Kasai River, Congo Free State, South Central Africa,
by Dr. Samuel P. Verner.
Exhibited each afternoon during September.
Inside, in a large open-air cage whose floor had been artfully strewn with bones to suggest its occupant’s supposed savagery, sat a diminutive man in a hammock, wearing a jacket and trousers but no shoes, quietly weaving mats and occasionally getting up to shoot arrows at a bale of hay. Late in the day an orangutan was let into the cage, and man and ape were encouraged to play together, hugging and chasing each another while the mostly white crowd laughed and applauded: ”. . . the pygmy was not much taller than the orangutan,” The New York Times reported, “and one had a good opportunity to study their points of resemblance. Their heads are much alike, and both grin in the same way when pleased.”
It is a tribute to the astonishing resilience of the human spirit that the displaced Pygmy was ever even momentarily pleased, as a fascinating but flawed new book about him makes clear. Ota Benga: The Pygmy in the Zoo (St. Martin’s Press, 320 pages, $22.95) was written by Harvey Blume and Phillips Verner Bradford, the grandson of Samuel Phillips Verner, the missionary-adventurer who found the little man in the African forest and brought him back to the New World—twice.


Samuel Verner was a high-strung South Carolinian, raised on Robinson Crusoeand the works of David Livingstone and Henry M. Stanley and trained for the mission field. He began his travels to the Congo region at twenty-two in search of souls but soon edged away from the church in favor of a series of schemes meant to lure investors to Africa that never quite came off. He was a vivid and prolific writer about his adventures and had brought back from his first expedition two Africans, and so in 1903, when the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, soon to open in St. Louis, wanted Pygmies imported for the area of the fairgrounds called the Anthropology Department, it seemed logical to turn to Verner.
He was given a sort of shopping list: twelve Pygmies, six more Africans of miscellaneous tribes, plus all the paraphernalia of daily living they would need to set themselves up as authentic exhibits in St. Louis. Verner did his best in the face of persistent fever, but in the end he could persuade just five Pygmies to accompany him to America.
One of them was Ota Benga. He had been out hunting when forces in the pay of Belgium, on the prowl for rumored ivory, butchered his hunting band, including his wife and children. By the time Verner happened upon him he had become a slave of the Baschilele people and had little to lose by crossing the great water. Verner bought him with salt and a few yards of cloth.

Teeth sharpening is practiced by both men and women in the tribes of the Congolese Pygmies and the Mentawai people of Indonesia. Children from both of these tribes file their teeth as part of their spiritual practices and rites of passage —to prove themselves worthy to the tribe.
At the St. Louis fair Ota Benga and his companions found themselves living alongside a rich but eclectic sampling of aboriginal people from everywhere: Ainus from Japan, Patagonian “giants” from South America, Kwakiutls from the Northwest Coast (who had to ask for a stockade to shield their baskets and totem poles from what they tactfully called the white man’s “taking qualities”), Igorots from the Philippines, allowed to appear in their traditional loincloths only over the objections of Theodore Roosevelt, who argued that trousers would be more likely to reassure any visitors who still harbored doubts about the wisdom of acquiring the Philippines.
The Pygmies were among the most popular attractions. They were made to snap their filed teeth at visitors, perform ritual dances, compete in “Anthropology Days,” a sort of aboriginal Olympics, during which they excelled only at mud fighting. “When a white man comes to our country,” one of Ota Benga’s companions complained to a reporter, “we give them presents. . . . The Americans treat us as they do our pet monkey. They laugh at us and poke their umbrellas into our faces.”
Later, when the autumn air turned so cold that even the blankets lent the Pygmies by their Indian neighbors proved inadequate and they took shelter inside their huts, visitors heaved bricks through the windows to drive them out again.

At 21, Ota Benga was brought to the United States by African explorer Samuel Verner. Verner displayed Ota Benga alongside six other male and female pygmies of the Mbuti tribe at the St. Louis World Fair in 1904

At the closing ceremonies in December 1904, the president of the fair asked if the Pygmies wished to stay in America. They shouted no, in unison, and Samuel Verner dutifully escorted them back to the Congo, then stayed on, collecting specimens and making big plans for his own trading post. Meanwhile, Ota Benga remarried, only to have his second wife die of snakebite. Alone again, with neither a family nor a hunting band of his own, and stubbornly fond of Verner despite everything, he eventually demanded to be brought back to America, to start a new life there. If Verner did not take him, he vowed, he would kill himself.
The two men landed at New York in the summer of 1906, along with crates of artifacts and a small menagerie with which Verner hoped to restore his fortunes. Nothing seemed to work out, and with creditors closing in, Verner finally unloaded his animals on the Bronx Zoo and made Ota Benga’s extended stay there part of a package deal.

At first the Pygmy simply wandered the grounds unnoticed, wearing ordinary clothes, earning his keep by feeding the primates. But the zoo’s director, William T. Hornaday, had a showman’s gaudy instincts. His original plans to have a fully peopled American Indian village on the grounds had never quite worked out. Now he made his small guest a big attraction. BUSHMAN SHARES A CAGE WITH BRONX PARK APES, Said The New York Times, and forty thousand people turned out on a single afternoon to see the “wild man from Africa.”
Not everyone was pleased. “Our race, we think, is depressed enough without exhibiting one of us with the apes,” said the Reverend James H. Gordon, chairman of the Colored Baptist Ministers’ Conference. “We think we are worthy of being considered human beings, with souls.”


As a black man Gordon objected primarily to the exhibition’s naked racism, but as a Baptist he had another agenda: Exhibition of a human being and an orangutan together, with its suggestion that zoo-goers were somehow seeing the missing link, would encourage Darwinism. “This is a Christian country,” Gordon explained, “and the exhibition evidently aims to be a demonstration of the Darwinian theory of evolution. The Darwinian theory is absolutely opposed to Christianity and a public demonstration in its favor should not be permitted.”


Even some whites began to object. “I lived in the south several years, and consequently am not over fond of the negro,” one wrote, “but believe him human. I think it a shame that the authorities of this great city should allow such a sight as … a negro boy on exhibition in a monkey cage.”
Director Hornaday could never quite understand what all the fuss was about—after all, he told a reporter, the Pygmy “has one of the best rooms in the primate house”—but he now let Ota Benga out of his cage to wander the grounds. Throngs followed wherever he went, “howling, jeering and yelling,” according to the Times. “Some of them poked him in the ribs, others tripped him up, all laughed at him.” His keepers teased him too, and one especially hot afternoon, when he started to remove his clothes and got sprayed with a hose for his trouble, he went for one of them with a knife and had to be manhandled back into his cage. BENGA TRIES TO KILL, reported the New York Tribune.
In the end Hornaday decided his prize exhibit had become more trouble than he was worth and turned him over to the Reverend Gordon, who also headed the Howard Colored Orphan Asylum in Brooklyn. There, studying alongside children one-third his age, Ota Benga did learn to write a little. But, Howard finally admitted, “his age was against his development. It was simply impossible to put him in a class to receive instructions . . . that would be of any advantage to him.” And he showed an alarming interest in some of the older girls.
In 1910 Ota Benga finally asked to be allowed to attend the Baptist Seminary at Lynchburg, Virginia. There he received Christian baptism, had his name changed to Otto Bingo, even had his filed teeth capped.
He worked at a series of desultory jobs—grounds keeping, feeding chickens, sorting tobacco leaves—but only the forest seemed permanently to hold his interest. In summertime he slept in the hayloft of the seminary’s president, fashioned bows and arrows for small boys, and led them into the woods to hunt small game. Sometimes, on his way home in the evening, he would board the bus and pay his fare with a wild bird’s egg or a rabbit he’d brought home from the forest.
On the afternoon of March 20, 1916, Ota Benga lit a fire behind the carriage house where he lived in summer. He removed the caps from his teeth. When his small companions asked him to lead them into the woods again, he turned them away. Once they were safely out of sight, he shot himself through the heart. (source: American Heritage Magazine October 1992 Volume 43, Issue 6)

72 comments:

  1. This is one of the most unimaginable and shameful factual events in our shared American history.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. I agree. this story makes me ashamed of the fact that i am american

      Delete
    2. America is a nation initially founded 100% on the massacre and genocide of all its native peoples, followed by the most savage, barbaric, dehumanizing, and brutal oppression (of African peoples) ever known in human history.
      It is a nation founded by BRUTES (call them "cowboys" if you will) of the most racist variety.
      It has a LOT of blood on its hands...

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    3. LOTS OF BLOOD ON ITS HAND'S AND BRUTALITY
      AND RACIST GENOCIDE!

      Delete
    4. Many Af-Am's hugely overlook Roman slavery, Muslim slavery, Indian slavery/caste...etc. when someone is unable to learn technical material, the "technical" think the deficiency excludes those from humanity. Even today, the emotionally suave have animalized the emotionally blank as sociapathic/autistic and not worthy of consideration for job marriage dignity. Elitism continues also through religious righteousness, fraternal association or monetary competence/luck. Slavery continues worldwide...sad and depressing.

      Delete
  2. America will be forever guilty of atrocities against the Negroes!

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. You saying negroes is the atrocity here

      Delete
    2. You saying negroes is the atrocity here

      Delete
    3. "..You saying negroes is the atrocity here.."
      Correct. These people who were so savagely abused by the caucasians, were 100% AFRICANS. The term "Negroes" makes absolutely no sense, it's utterly ridiculous. That term completely dehumanizes and reduces people to simply a color - very absurd indeed.
      These caucasians are so ENDEMICALLY racist that They... Just... Don't... Get it.

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    4. "These caucasians are so ENDEMICALLY racist that They... Just... Don't... Get it."

      That's a bit racist.. :)

      Delete
    5. we are not africans we are the hebrews spoken of in deut chapt 28. we were enslaved by ham we are of jacob ; shem

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    6. Dummy! You're the hebrews! What again? And where are you coming from? You didn't have parents?`Brothers? Sisters? Retarded!

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  3. Not only Americans where too blame for slavery and selling slaves.. also Europeans, and also Arabs and let's not forget the Africans themselves who sometimes wanted to get rid of an enemy tribe..

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Yes, those "Africans" you mentioned did sell members of other ethnic groups into slavery for profit - a shameful thing in and of itself - but they had no way of knowing the depth of the 3 centuries of european/american wickedness that was awaiting those slaves. If they had had ANY idea of the depth of the evil in the caucasian culture, history would have been profoundly different.
      The euro-american slave trade system was profoundly different from any of the earlier systems(Arab, etc.) that we call "slavery", both in its sheer wickedness and in the way it was clearly designed to dehumanize an entire race of people. Quite Disgusting.

      Delete
  4. these white devils will pay for this shit one day thats why amerikkka is slowly going down with its economy this country was built on blood and be destroyed in blood black people dont even stick together because of this shit Amerikkka should be lucky we dont have black terrorist blowing up shit ....I HATE CRACKERS!

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. u are so right i feel your pain iwish all the gangbangers would come togetherBLOODS,CRIPS,GDSand VICELORDS and lets be one nation with one name and unite our latin american brothers also our native american brothers and take back whats ours...THE WORLD!

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    2. The world is going down because of hate. Try love.

      Delete
    3. Your as ignorant as those that enslaved...not every white person owned slaves, nor was a racist. I'm sure there were plenty of white people that were disgusted of Ota Benga's plight. Although not every Union soldier fought the Confederacy to end slavery, your forgetting about the thousands of "white" soldiers that did during the Civil War, including my great, great, grandfather who was an abolitionist. So remember that when you decide you run your mouth off, not like a black man, but a "thug." Your no different than a "cracker."

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    4. Lol, get over it...

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    5. You are pathetic just shut the fuck up pussy like seriosuly you actually believe all white people go have secret meetings about they are going to oppress you this week just shut the fuck up you dumb bitch faggot fuck

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    6. then move to africa .

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  32. It's disgusting how people post ads on such a serious topic as this. Seriously? They're still trying to capitalize on slavery??? Creeps.

    Anyway, this blog is amazing. I found it just searching for pictures to use in my classroom. I teach music, including jazz, and as part of our jazz unit, we teach the students about slavery. I am half white and half Hispanic, but most people think I'm white when they see me. I know that I have grown up with white privilege and am fairly certain that I have never been judged negatively because of my skin color. It is safe to say that I will never truly understand the depths of what black people went through and still go through in this country. However, I try to understand as much as possible and teach my students to the best of my ability about how awful slavery was.

    I couldn't believe this happened in 1906. I knew that de facto slavery still existed in the treatment of share croppers and farm workers, but would never have thought that something so blatant as keeping a person in a zoo would have been allowed at that point.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Yes, I agree with your comments.

      The zoo bit is particularly egregious in that it was the Bronx Zoo, in New York City that STILL exists today. The City of New York allotted 250 acres of Bronx Park to the New York Zoological Society to the racist pig Madison Grant. Grant authored "The Passing Of The Great Race" that promoted scientific racism and eugenics. I don't have any good words to say about Madison Grant.

      But, if you were to teach Ota Benga's story, I'd suggest starting with the scramble for Africa and King Leopold. Try reading "King Leopold's Ghost" (1998) by Adam Hochschild. Although I can't really see how this tragic saga fits within the pedagogy of music scholarship.

      As far as teaching music is concerned, you might start with instruments like the banjo, jugs, bones, cigar box guitars, harmonicas, etc. Or, with the music of the post-Civil War colored orphanages in South Carolina and Louisiana. Many of those orphanages procured brass instruments from both the Confederate and Union Armies.

      Now, that I've started thinking about it, you could tie-in the whole New York scientific racism theme into the music by connecting the history of Tin Pan Alley (1885) and the proliferation of Coon and Minstrel Songs. You could clearly establish the connection of the attitudes (that came from the very top of America's social caste) by the negrophobic propaganda in the music and art scene. It would be a difficult task, since most people have the attention span of a humming bird. Good Luck!

      Thanks for your thoughtful comments.

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      Delete
    2. Yes, it doesn't fit in with classroom music and I didn't include this with the lessons that I taught on slavery. However, it informs my own approach. The more I know, the more informed my own lessons are. Even if I don't include this information, I feel like having more knowledge of the subject makes me a better teacher. My students are only 11 years old, and I have a curriculum to stick to, so I don't want to get too deep into it, I'm not sure how much they will understand, especially since many of them have a very low reading level and don't have the highest comprehension of complex subjects either.

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  33. The slave could never have happened if black Africans had not sold their own people to the white slavers. Fact.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. The slave trade was enabled by those born and raised on African soil. Sad but true.

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    2. What? The trade slave wasn't enable by the blacks. Did Africans go to Europe to sell their brothers? No. The europeans came to Africa and saw cheap, easy work hands, their goal was to make money and make their respective country the greatest and have their king/queen favors. The fact that in some cases, the europeans chose to use as proxy a few nasty african boys by making deals with them, doesn't change the fact that the european ripped the people from their families in Africa and ripped africans of their children and brothers. Plus most were just captivated by the whites themselves (different white country, different black people, different methods). Do you even know that the africans themselves were pretty much slaves on their own lands? Check out the African colonisation and the resistance to the european invasion. Also check the letters of the King of Kongo in 1542 begging the portuguese to stop stealing his people. He had allowed them to stay on his land to teach about the Bible and make trade of goods, not people! You people are so retarded!

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  34. Very good example of the depths of the racist DNA that is the fact of American civilization. It's just the way America is and to a lesser degree always will be.

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  37. The United States/European government hid the truth regarding the true race and ethnicity of its Black Americans. Black Americans Ancestors ate Kaolin Clay dirt in Egypt. Kaolin contains vitamins and minerals. Tapioca starch and arrowroot is a substitute for that chalky taste. Negro's need to eat foods like liver, rice, banana and farina which is rich in vitamins and iron. African American Negros are not Africans. Very few of them have real African blood. They are from an entirely different Nation. They are a different breed of Blacks from the Middle East and North Africa. (In some case African men from Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Africa etc have married a Hebrew Israelite African American Negro woman and had children with her; this makes there children the product of 2 different Black nations). Africans are Ha-mites (Ham) and Blacks Americans are Shamites (Sham). Black Americans who cannot trace their roots to a specific country in Africa are the Biblical Hebrew Israelite Jews from the Bible. They are the scattered sheep's who's ancestors were sold into 4 corners of the earth. African Americans are the Children of Israel; the Blacks of Egypt and Israel. African Americans (Hebrews) are musically incline. They are more fertile than black Africans, Whites, Hispanics and other nations. They are Gods Chosen people. My neighbors, the King family had 20 something children. Another neighbor had 17 children. Blacks American Hebrew Israelite Negro men do not need to marry several wives like Muslim men in North Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. Muslim men may have 1 kids with a White European wife and 3 kids with a Filipino Asian woman and 1 kid with an Arab or African woman. Not realizing that most Europeans do not produce children very well. My second husband, Robert Edward Smith a White man of Texarkana, Arkansas was a retail manager, veteran, chain smoker and alcoholic. He was impotent. This is why White European men send their daughters to North Africa and the Middle East to convert to Islam and marry men of ethnicity. Today, North Africa and the Middle East is a mixed bi-racial race of people.

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