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Sunday, July 3, 2011

A Fourth of July celebration, St. Helena Island, S.C

A Fourth of July celebration, St. Helena Island, S.C., 1939

Posted by Ron at 4:30 AM

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The Atlantic Slave Trade was the largest Forced migration in world history.

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Tomb Of The Unknown Slave

St. Augustine Catholic Church, New Orleans, LA

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Fabrice Monteiro's Photography

Fabrice Monteiro's Photographs

The Legendary Icon Anastacia

Escrava Anastacia

Philip Morgan: Early American Slave Culture

Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry

Cotton and Race in the Making of America: The Human Costs of Economic Power

Gene Dattel's Slave Grown Cotton in Global Economy: Mississippi (1800-1860)

Followers

Scarred Back of an Escaped Mississippi Slave

This enslaved man had a name, Gordon.

Capoeira

African Martial Arts of Brazil

About the Banjo by Tony Thomas

The banjo is a product of Africa. Africans transported to the Caribbean and Latin America were reported playing banjos in the 17th and 18th centuries, before any banjo was reported in the Americas. Africans in the US were the predominant players of this instrument until the 1840s.

Charleston Slave Tags and Slave Badges

Badge laws existed in several Southern cities, urban centers such as Mobile and New Orleans, Savannah and Norfolk; the practice of hiring out slaves was common in both the rural and urban South. But the only city known to have implemented a rigid and formal regulatory system is Charleston.

MANILLA: MONEY OF THE SLAVE TRADE

Manilla. Manillas were brass bracelet-shaped objects used by Europeans in trade with West Africa, from about the 16th century to the 1930s. They were made in Europe, perhaps based on an African original.Once Bristol entered the African trade, manillas were made locally for export to West Africa.

SLAVE CURRENCY: African Slave Trade Beads

In Africa, trade beads were used in West Africa by Europeans who got them from Venice, Holland, and Bohemia. They used millions of beads to trade with Africans for slaves, services, and goods such as palm oil, gold, and ivory. The trade with Africans was so vital that some of the beads were made specifically for Africans.

Slave Trade Currency: Cowry Shells

Long before our era the cowry shell was known as an instrument of payment and a symbol of wealth and power. This monetary usage continued until the 20th century. If we look a bit closer into these shells it is absolutely not astonishing that varieties as the cypraea moneta or cypraea annulus were beloved means of payments and eventually became in some cases huge competitors of metal currencies.

Bunce Island Slave Factory

Cannons with the Royal Crest

Adanggaman

Africans Making Slaves of Africans

Ota Benga The Man in the Bronx Zoo

Ota Benga (1883-1916) was an African Congolese Pygmy, who was put on display in the monkey house at the Bronx Zoo in New York in1906

Railroads and Slave Labor

North America's four major rail networks — Norfolk Southern, CSX, Union Pacific and Canadian National — all own lines that were built and operated with slave labor.

Sculptor Augusta Savage

"Lift every voice and sing" by Augusta Savage: New York World's Fair.

Afro-Uruguay Spirit of Resistance in Candombe

In the streets of Montevideo, Uruguay, Afro-Uruguayans celebrate an often-ignored part of their history - Candombe and resistance.

Tintin: Sinister Racist Propaganda

Tintin has been an inspiration for generations. But his status as a paragon of wholesome adventure is under threat, thanks to a court bid to ban one of his books, Tintin in the Congo, for its racist portrayal of Africans.

Enslaved Children

Bare feet in tattered rags

Enslaved Children

Civil War Orphans

President George Washington

Owned 316 Slaves

President Thomas Jefferson

Owned 187 Slaves

President James Madison

Owned 106 slaves

President Andrew Jackson

Owned 160 Slaves

President John Tyler

Owned 70 Slaves

James K. Polk

Owned Slaves

President Zachary Taylor

Owned 100 Slaves

Ulysses S. Grant

Owned at least 1 slave

African Slave Trade Ad

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W.E.B. DuBois

"It is a peculiar sensation, this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others, of measuring one's soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his two-ness,--an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings; two warring ideals in one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being torn asunder." -- W.E.B. DuBois

Slave Tortures

Portugal Slave Trade

1501-1866 Portugal transported 5,848,265 people from Africa to the Americas.

French Slave Trade

1501-1866 France transported 1,381,404 Africans to America.

Great Britain Slave Trade

1501-1866 The British transported 3,259,440 Africans to the Americas.

Spain Slave Trade

1501-1866 Spain transported 1,061,524 Africans to the Americas

Denmark Slave Trade

1501-1866 Denmark transported 111,041 people from Africa.

United States Slave Trade

1501-1866 The USA transported 305,326 Africans to the Americas.

Netherlands Slave Trade

1501-1866 The Netherlands transported 554,336 Africans.

Marcus Tullius Cicero (Roman statesman, orator and essayist, 106–43 B.C.).

"To be ignorant of what occurred before you were born is to remain always a child. For what is the worth of human life, unless it is woven into the life of our ancestors by the records of history?" — Marcus Tullius Cicero

BOOKS ONLINE

BRAWLEY, BENJAMIN; "A Social History of the American Negro"
Charter of the Dutch West India Company : 1621
CLARKSON, THOMAS; "An Essay on the Slavery and Commerce of the Human Species, Particularly the African"
Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789
DOUGLASS, FREDERICK; "Collected Articles of Frederick Douglass"
DOUGLASS, FREDERICK; "Fourth of July Speech"
DOUGLASS, FREDERICK; "My Bondage and My Freedom "
DOUGLASS, FREDERICK; "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass"
DOUGLASS, FREDRICK; "Speech on the Dred Scott Decision"
DUBOIS, W.E.B.; "Critiques Booker T. Washington"
DUBOIS, W.E.B.; "Freedmen's Bureau Pt. 2"
DUBOIS, W.E.B.; "Freedmen's Bureau Pt.1"
DUBOIS, W.E.B.; "The Conservation of Races "
DUBOIS, W.E.B.; "The Negro"
DUBOIS, W.E.B.; "The Philadelphia Negro"
DUBOIS, W.E.B.; "The Quest of the Silver Fleece"
DUBOIS, W.E.B.; "The Souls of Black Folk"
DUBOIS, W.E.B.; "The Suppression of the African Slave Trade to the United States of America"
FONER, ERIC; "EXPERT REPORT"
GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD; "No Compromise with Slavery"
GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD; "The Abolition Of Slavery The Right Of The Government Under The War Power"
KING, MARTIN LUTHER, JR.; "I have a Dream"
Notes on the Debates in the Federal Convention
OLAUDAH EQUIANO; "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, The African"
Statutes of the United States Concerning Slavery
The Federalist Papers
The History of the Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
TRUTH, SOJOURNER; "The Narrative of Sojourner Truth"
U.S. Constitution
WASHINGTON, BOOKER T.; "Atlanta Compromise Speech"
WASHINGTON, BOOKER T.; "Up From Slavery: An Autobiography"
WOODSON, CARTER G.; "A Century of Negro Migration"

Slave Narratives

Aaron; "The Light and Truth of Slavery"
Ball, Charles; "Fifty Years in Chains, or, The Life of an American Slave"
Bayley, Solomon; "A Narrative of Some Remarkable Incidents in the Life of Solomon Bayley, Formerly a Slave in the State of Delaware"
Bibb, Henry
Bruce, Henry Clay; "The New Man: Twenty-Nine Years a Slave,Twenty-Nine Years a Free Man"
Cugoano, Ottobah; "Narrative of the Enslavement of Ottobah Cugoano, a Native of Africa; Published by Himself in the Year 1787"
Douglass, Frederick; "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave"
Equiano, Olaudah; "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa"
Grandy, Moses; "Narrative of the Life of Moses Grandy, Late a Slave in the United States of America"
Keckley, Elizabeth Hobbs; "Behind the Scenes, or, Thirty years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House"
Picquet, Louisa; "Louisa Picquet, the Octoroon, or, Inside Views of Southern Domestic Life"
Smith, Harry; "Fifty Years of Slavery in the United States of America"
Solomon Northup; "Twelve Years a Slave: Narrative of Solomon Northup, a Citizen of New-York, Kidnapped in Washington City in 1841"
Steward, Austin
Veney, Bethany; "The Narrative of Bethany Veney: A Slave Woman"
Washington, Booker Taliaferro; "An Autobiography: The Story of My Life and Work"
Watson, Henry; "Narrative of Henry Watson, a Fugitive Slave"
Williams, James; "A Narrative of Events Since the First of August, 1834, By James Williams, an Apprenticed Labourer in Jamaica"

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