Tuesday, February 5, 2013

“We Are Literally Slaves”: An Early Twentieth-Century Black Nanny Sets the Record Straight



In folklore the black nursemaid was seen as a dutiful, self-sacrificing black woman who loved her white family and its children every bit as much as her own. Yet the popular images of the loyal, contented black nursemaid, or “mammy,” were unfortunately far from the reality for the African-American women who worked in these homes. In 1912 the Independent printed this quasi-autobiographical account of servant life, as related by an African-American domestic worker, which dispelled the comforting “mammy” myth.


I am a negro woman, and I was born and reared in the South. I am now past forty years of age and am the mother of three children. My husband died nearly fifteen years ago, after we had been married about five years. For more than thirty years—or since I was ten years old—I have been a servant in one capacity or another in white families in a thriving Southern city, which has at present a population of more than 50,000. In my early years I was at first what might be called a “house-girl,”or, better, a “house-boy.” I used to answer the doorbell, sweep the yard, go on errands and do odd jobs. Later on I became a chambermaid and performed the usual duties of such a servant in a home. Still later I was graduated into a cook, in which position I served at different times for nearly eight years in all. During the last ten years I have been a nurse. I have worked for only four different families during all these thirty years. But, belonging to the servant class, which is the majority class among my race at the South, and associating only with servants, I have been able to become intimately acquainted not only with the lives of hundreds of household servants, but also with the lives of their employers. I can, therefore, speak with authority on the so-called servant question; and what I say is said out of an experience which covers many years.


To begin with, then, I should say that more than two-thirds of the negroes of the town where I live are menial servants of one kind or another, and besides that more than two-thirds of the negro women here, whether married or single, are compelled to work for a living, — as nurses, cooks, washerwomen, chambermaids, seamstresses, hucksters, janitresses, and the like. I will say, also, that the condition of this vast host of poor colored people is just as bad as, if not worse than, it was during the days of slavery. Tho today we are enjoying nominal freedom, we are literally slaves. And, not to generalize, I will give you a sketch of the work I have to do—and I’m only one of many.


I frequently work from fourteen to sixteen hours a day. I am compelled by my contract, which is oral only, to sleep in the house. I am allowed to go home to my own children, the oldest of whom is a girl of 18 years, only once in two weeks, every other Sunday afternoon—even then I’m not permitted to stay all night. I not only have to nurse a little white child, now eleven months old, but I have to act as playmate or “handy-andy,” not to say governess, to three other children in the home, the oldest of whom is only nine years of age. I wash and dress the baby two or three times each day, I give it its meals, mainly from a bottle; I have to put it to bed each night; and, in addition, I have to get up and attend to its every call between midnight and morning. If the baby falls to sleep during the day, as it has been trained to do every day about eleven o’clock, I am not permitted to rest. It’s “Mammy, do this, ”or“Mammy, do that,” or “Mammy, do the other,” from my mistress, all the time. So it is not strange to see “Mammy” watering the lawn in front with the garden hose, sweeping the sidewalk, mopping the porch and halls, dusting around the house, helping the cook, or darning stockings. Not only so, but I have to put the other three children to bed each night as well as the baby, and I have to wash them and dress them each morning. 


I don’t know what it is to go to church; I don’t know what it is to go to a lecture or entertainment or anything of the kind. I live a treadmill life; and I see my own children only when they happen to see me on the streets when I am out with the children, or when my children come to the “yard” to see me, which isn’t often, because my white folks don’t like to see their servants' children hanging around their premises. You might as well say that I’m on duty all the time—from sunrise to sunrise, every day in the week I am the slave, body and soul, of this family. And what do I get for this work—this lifetime bondage? The pitiful sum of ten dollars a month! And what am I expected to do with these ten dollars? With this money I’m expected to pay my house rent, which is four dollars per month, for a little house of two rooms, just big enough to turn round in; and I’m expected, also, to feed and clothe myself and three children. For two years my oldest child, it is true, has helped a little toward our support by taking in a little washing at home. She does the washing and ironing of two white families, with a total of five persons; one of these families pays her $1.00 per week, and the other 75 cents per week, and my daughter has to furnish her own soap and starch and wood For six months my youngest child, a girl about thirteen years old, has been nursing, and she receives $1.50 per week but has no night work. When I think of the low rate of wages we poor colored people receive, and when I hear so much said about our unreliability, our untrustworthiness, and even our vices, I recall the story of the private soldier in a certain army who, once upon a time, being upbraided by the commanding officer because the heels of his shoes were not polished, is said to have replied “Captain, do you expect all the virtues for $13 per month?”


Of course, nothing is being done to increase our wages, and the way things are going at present it would seem that nothing could be done to cause an increase of wages. We have no labor unions or organizations of any kind that could demand for us a uniform scale of wages for cooks, washerwomen, nurses, and the like; and, for another thing, if some negroes did here and there refuse to work for seven and eight and ten dollars a month, there would be hundreds of other negroes right on the spot ready to take their places and do the same work, or more, for the low wages that had been refused So that, the truth is, we have to work for little or nothing or become vagrants! And that, of course, in this State would mean that we would be arrested, tried, and despatched to the“State Farm,” where we would surely have to work for nothing or be beaten with many stripes!


Nor does this low rate of pay tend to make us efficient servants. The most that can be said of us negro household servants in the South—and I speak as one of them—is that we are to the extent of our ability willing and faithful slaves. We do not cook according to scientific principles because we do not know anything about scientific principles. Most of our cooking is done by guesswork or by memory. We cook well when our “hand” is in, as we say, and when anything about the dinner goes wrong, we simply say, “I lost my hand today!” We don’t know anything about scientific food for babies, nor anything about what science says must be done for infants at certain periods of their growth or when certain symptoms of disease appear, but somehow we “raise” more of the children than we kill, and, for the most part, they are lusty chaps—all of them. But the point is, we do not go to cooking-schools nor to nurse-training schools and so it can not be expected that we should make as efficient servants without such training as we should make were such training provided And yet with our cooking and nursing, such as it is, the white folks seem to be satisfied—perfectly satisfied. I sometimes wonder if this satisfaction is the outgrowth of the knowledge that more highly trained servants would be able to demand better pay!


Perhaps some might say, if the poor pay is the only thing about which we have to complain, then the slavery in which we daily toil and struggle is not so bad after all. But the poor pay isn’t all—not by any means! I remember very well the first and last place from which I was dismissed. I lost my place because I refused to let the madam’s husband kiss me. He must have been accustomed to undue familiarity with his servants, or else he took it as a matter of course, because without any love-making at all, soon after I was installed as cook, he walked up to me, threw his arms around me, and was in the act of kissing me, when I demanded to know what he meant, and shoved him away. I was young then, and newly married, and didn’t know then what has been a burden to my mind and heart ever since: that a colored woman’s virtue in this part of the country has no protection. I at once went home, and told my husband about it. When my husband went to the man who had insulted me, the man cursed him, and slapped him, and—had him arrested! The police judge fined my husband $25. I was present at the hearing, and testified on oath to the insult offered me. The white man, of course, denied the charge. The old judge looked up and said “This court will never take the word of a nigger against the word of a white man.” 


Many and many a time since I have heard similar stories repeated again and again by my friends. I believe nearly all white men take, and expect to take, undue liberties with their colored female servants—not only the fathers, but in many cases the sons also. Those servants who rebel against such familiarity must either leave or expect a mighty hard time, if they stay. By comparison, those who tamely submit to these improper relations live in clover. They always have a little“spending change,” wear better clothes, and are able to get off from work at least once a week—and sometimes oftener. This moral debasement is not at all times unknown to the white women in these homes. I know of more than one colored woman who was openly importuned by white women to become the mistresses of their white husbands, on the ground that they, the white wives, were afraid that, if their husbands did not associate with colored women, they would certainly do so with outside white women, and the white wives, for reasons which ought to be perfectly obvious, preferred to have their husbands do wrong with colored women in order to keep their husbands straight! And again, I know at least fifty places in my small town where white men are positively raising two families—a white family in the“Big House” in front, and a colored family in a “Little House” in the backyard. In most cases, to be sure, the colored women involved are the cooks or chambermaids or seamstresses, but it cannot be true that their real connection with the white men of the families is unknown to the white women of the families. The results of this concubinage can be seen in all of our colored churches and in all of our colored public schools in the South, for in most of our churches and schools the majority of the young men and women and boys and girls are light-skinned mulattoes. The real, Simon-pure, blue-gum, thick-lip, coalblack negro is passing away—certainly in the cities; and the fathers of the new generation of negroes are white men, while their mothers are unmarried colored women.


Another thing—it’s a small indignity, it may be, but an indignity just the same. No white person, not even the little children just learning to talk, no white person at the South ever thinks of addressing any negro man or woman as Mr., or Mrs., or Miss. The women are called, “Cook,” or “Nurse,” or “Mammy,” or “MaryJane,” or “Lou,” or“Dilcey,” as the case might be, and the men are called “Bob,” or “Boy,”or “Old Man,” or “Uncle Bill,” or “Pate.” In many cases our white employers refer to us, and in our presence, too, as their “niggers.” No matter what they call us—no matter what they teach their children to call us—we must tamely submit, and answer when we are called; we must enter no protest; if we did object, we should be driven out without the least ceremony, and, in applying for work at other places, we should find it very hard to procure another situation. In almost every case, when our intending employers would be looking up our record, the information would be give by telephone or otherwise that we were “impudent,” "saucy,“ "dishonest,”and “generally unreliable.” In our town we have no such thing as an employment agency or intelligence bureau, and, therefore, when we want work, we have to get out on the street and go from place to place, always with hat in hand, hunting for it.


Another thing. Sometimes I have gone on the street cars or the railroad trains with the white children, and, so long as I was in charge of the children, I could sit anywhere I desired, front or back. If a white man happened to ask some other white man, “What is that nigger doing in here?” and was told, “Oh, she’s the nurse of those white children in front of her!” immediately there was the hush of peace. Everything was all right, so long as I was in the white man’s part of the street car or in the white man’s coach as a servant—a slave—but as soon as I did not present myself as a menial, and the relationship of master and servant was abolished by my not having the white children with me, I would be forthwith assigned to the “nigger” seats or the “colored people’s coach.”Then, too, any day in my city, and I understand that it is so in every town in the South, you can see some “great big black burly” negro coachman or carriage driver huddled up beside some aristocratic Southern white woman, and nothing is said about it, nothing is done about it, nobody resents the familiar contact. But let that same colored man take off his brass buttons and his high hat, and put on the plain livery of an average American citizen, and drive one block down any thoroughfare in any town in the South with that same white woman, as her equal or companion or friend, and he’d be shot on the spot!


You hear a good deal nowadays about the “service pan.” The “service pan” is the general term applied to “left-over” food, which in many a Southern home is freely placed at the disposal of the cook or, whether so placed or not, it is usually disposed of by the cook. In my town, I know, and I guess in many other towns also, every night when the cook starts for her home she takes with her a pan or a plate of cold victuals. The same thing is true on Sunday afternoons after dinner—and most cooks have nearly every Sunday afternoon off. Well, I’ll be frank with you, if it were not for the service pan, I don’t know what the majority of our Southern colored families would do. The service pan is the mainstay in many a home. Good cooks in the South receive on an average $8 per month. Porters, butlers, coachmen, janitors, “office boys” and the like receive on an average $16 per month. Few and far between are the colored men in the South who receive $1 or more per day. Some mechanics do; as for example, carpenters, brick masons, wheelwrights, blacksmiths, and the like. The vast majority of negroes in my town are serving in menial capacities in homes, stores and offices. Now taking it for granted, for the sake of illustration, that the husband receives $16 per month and the wife $8. That would be $24 between the two. The chances are that they will have anywhere from five to thirteen children between them. Now, how far will $24 go toward housing and feeding and clothing ten or twelve persons for thirty days? And, I tell you, with all of us poor people the service pan is a great institution; it is a great help to us, as we wag along the weary way of life. And then most of the white folks expect their cooks to avail themselves of these perquisites; they allow it; they expect it. I do not deny that the cooks find opportunity to hide away at times, along with the cold “grub,”a little sugar, a little flour, a little meal, or a little piece of soap; but I indignantly deny that we are thieves. We don’t steal; we just “take”things—they are a part of the oral contract, exprest or implied. We understand it, and most of the white folks understand it. Others may denounce the service pan, and say that it is used only to support idle negroes, but many a time, when I was a cook, and had the responsibility of rearing my three children upon my lone shoulders, many a time I have had occasion to bless the Lord for the service pan!


I have already told you that my youngest girl was a nurse. With scores of other colored girls who are nurses, she can be seen almost any afternoon, when the weather is fair, rolling the baby carriage or lolling about on some one of the chief boulevards of our town. The very first week that she started out on her work she was insulted by a white man, and many times since has been improperly approached by other white men. It is a favorite practice of young white sports about town—and they are not always young, either—to stop some colored nurse, inquire the name of the “sweet little baby,” talk baby talk to the child, fondle it, kiss it, make love to it, etc., etc., and in nine of ten cases every such white man will wind up by making love to the colored nurse and seeking an appointment with her.


I confess that I believe it to be true that many of our colored girls are as eager as the white men are to encourage and maintain these improper relations; but where the girl is not willing, she has only herself to depend upon for protection. If their fathers, brothers or husbands seek to redress their wrongs, under our peculiar conditions, the guiltless negroes will be severely punished, if not killed, and the white blackleg will go scot-free!

Ah, we poor colored women wage earners in the South are fighting a terrible battle, and because of our weakness, our ignorance, our poverty, and our temptations we deserve the sympathies of mankind. Perhaps a million of us are introduced daily to the privacy of a million chambers thruout the South, and hold in our arms a million white children, thousands of whom, as infants, are suckled at our breasts—during my lifetime I myself have served as “wet nurse” to more than a dozen white children. On the one hand, we are assailed by white men, and on the other hand, we are assailed by black men, who should be our natural protectors; and, whether in the cook kitchen, at the washtub, over the sewing machine, behind the baby carriage, or at the ironing board, we are but little more than pack horses, beasts of burden, slaves! In the distant future, it may be, centuries and centuries hence, a monument of brass or stone will be erected to the Old Black Mammies of the South, but what we need is present help, present sympathy, better wages, better hours, more protection, and a chance to breathe for once while alive as free women. If none others will help us, it would seem that the Southern white women themselves might do so in their own defense, because we are rearing their children—we feed them, we bathe them, we teach them to speak the English language, and in numberless instances we sleep with them—and it is inevitable that the lives of their children will in some measure be pure or impure according as they are affected by contact with their colored nurses.

[Source: History Matters, "More Slavery at the South," by a Negro Nurse, Independent, 25 January 1912, 196–200.]

40 comments:

  1. This is incredibly powerful. I knew a fair amount of this, but reading it put in such eloquent, yet blunt terms makes it so much more real.

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    1. ...However, it failed to point out the fact that although the color of some of the children appear white, but the " nanny" is holding HER own CHILD from the rape.

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    2. WHERE CAN I PURCHASE This? I looked online but there's no title or not even a name of the nurse who spoke these. I am SO invested in hearing the rest and need a copy. Someone help me find it. I see it's info available at UNC CHAPEL Hill but I need my own copy of this

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  2. I'm a black woman living in 2013. I am currently in grad school working actively working towards a masters in a white male dominated field so that I can move on to my PhD work. This is where part of my drive to succeed comes from. The struggle of virtuous good people born in such dark times. Because of their struggle, look at what I can do now. These are my foremothers and forefathers and I want to make them proud.

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    1. I also am inspired and motivated to continue my education as a young mom of three...I am a black women who can't be more thankful for the opportunity our foremothers and fathers paved the way for us to have. I fell inlove with the involuntary strength our people portrayed reading this powerful message. This was a cry for help and humanity and what sad is alot of this injustice is still present today in 2016. I am majoring in Political Science and Government with all hopes of honoring our past and effecting change for our future.

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    2. So proud of you sister. Dont forget where you came from....love your people..

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  3. This is very educational.. but I am also interested in what we were before America.. in order to help increase self esteem in blacks and others because I feel it would help out a lot.. and I would love to see movies about what Africa was and to let my child see that would be empowering. thanks for your work.

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    1. This excerpt from the book explains what I went through as a child growing up in Camden NJ, and what at 53 yrs of age gladly resist in the name of Jesus. Very edifying. Very profound. Very interesting.

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  4. Wow!! I'm brazilian, and we had a similar experience with slavery. It's a very powerful testimonial...

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  5. And to think these were the elite? The "Fancy Maids" had it easiest, some earning respectable wages, however, must submit to the will of their white masters.

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  6. Before my people touched ground in the States we were Kings & Queens in Africa. We were sold by our own people to the Europeans and thrown into slavery, forced to learn a new language and stripped from our core history. We were legally enslaved for 245 years then proclaimed free by the United States Constitution in 1865 only to live like a guinea pig! Our school systems do not force the importance of our history yet they shove the "American" History down our throats. This here is American History! Not only for African Americans but for ALL Americans because my forefathers & mothers built and nurtured this country to become the country it is today. The blood, sweat, tears and pain of my ancestors is rooted in the foundation of this country yet in 2015 my people find ourselves still fighting for equality. I'm grateful that we have progressed as a nation over the years but are we truthfully free in 2015? I don't think so!!!!

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    1. Our own people didn't sell us. They was not from the tribe of the Hebrew Israelites. Study a little more and will find that answer.

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    2. Good comment! Don't worry my kin, our people is slowly awakened to the Truth, and once we know the Truth, we will truly be free!

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    3. I'm so glad that we are starting to awaken and people are starting to find the truth about our people melon nights we are Awakening and our true Powers will come back to us and our vibrations will come to us if we fail from fibrations we are gods the spiritual war has been won and everything is coming to the lights don't take that Jab

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  7. Irish were slaves in America, too. Now there is no racial dominance in slavery- sex slaves are our inheritance and come in all colors and genders. When will humankind ever become 'kind'?

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  8. Irish were slaves in America, too. Now there is no racial dominance in slavery- sex slaves are our inheritance and come in all colors and genders. When will humankind ever become 'kind'?

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    1. Who cares? The Irish are no longer slavess and are now white
      but blacks are still treated like slaves. This is in now way the samee. The iris experience and the black experience is different.

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    2. Irish were never slaves in America. There were indentured servants to pay their way to America. The average length was seven years.

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  9. Well, it does not say that they didn't love the children they nannied. But honestly it sounds a lot like being a stay-at-home parent nowadays, except you're paid nothing for that.

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  10. This comment has been removed by a blog administrator.

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  11. FUCK THE WHITE MAN BITCH ASS!! FUCK RAPIST!!

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    1. You can't change the past, quit hating on people who weren't there and would not treat people that way. What about the black men who traffic in sex slaves, one arrested in my home town this week. No race has an exclusive on slavery. Chill out and be a light. Many of the founding fathers freed their slaves and wrote against slavery. Get the whole story, it's not cut and dried. I doubt you've ever been up for sale, be thankful for your ancestors who did not give up, make them proud.

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    2. That's a white myth. All the founding fathers who slave owners and rapists of black men, women and children. What are you hairy beasts like creatures doing on this forum. Allow the people to tell their stories. Im sick of pink shuts like you discredit the lives of blacks. Noone care for your two cents. Most Whites alive would engage in this type of behavior. Your people are animals with no regard for otherss. You have no humanity,hence, you can't recognize it in others.

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    3. Learn to spell.

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  12. Thank you for sharing this and in tribute to the countless women who had to endure such mental and physical colonalisation, you are the true heroines here. You literally built today's USA, Brazil, the Caribbean islands, UK, European countries....I could go on...and sadly gained no credit. Damned if you did and damned if you didn't. Brutally controlled every second of the day. YOUR body, YOUR milk for YOUR babies, YOUR sanity stolen. You need more than a statue to commemorate that.... And to think that all some people (above) took from this excerpt is a weak analogy to parenting today. Really? I have no words.... saddened to the core and yet the stoicism and strength of this woman and the millions like her are why we are here living in relative comfort today. May you be at peace and may your words live on in our hearts and heads.

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  13. Great article...All people should be proud of their heritage:)))I totally agree the blacks nurtured America (13 colonies) in all ways...But history tells the Irish suffered as well...But ultimately who suffered as well?The Native Americans,the "Mestizos"=Mexicans (Native American & Spanish descent) who also worked hard and lost their customs, to Colonial Spanish and then to White Americans who easily took land that was already established with a government. The South wanted to spread slavery to the West,thank goodness it didn't happen...At this point in age, we must allrecognize we have all suffered. No American is better than another...Let'snot forget the Jewish people as well...

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    1. Let's not forget everybody already, all races have been enslaved at one time or other throughout history. Indentured servants were white, read about them. Quit bitching and be thankful we don't live back in those days. Read about all the white people who crusaded against slavery at their own risk and even lost their lives over it.

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    2. This is not about you albino. If you feel this threatened by blacks telling their story,find another hobby aside from stalking black forums.

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    3. When you become like those who owned you then the cycle continues and you are no better then them. Your hatred is raw and when you are as hateful as this then you are still in bondage, still a slave to those you despise so much. Is it fair that you hate ALL white people equally? Even those like me who know for a fact that none of my ancestors ever owned slaves because of being first generation immigrants? Is it fair that you hate me when you don't even know me or anything about me? Is it fair to hate me just because I'm white, even though I may not know what it's like to be black in America, I know what hate in America feels like because you are the other,...the foreigner, immigrant. Try to learn and not hate so much.

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  14. There are more slaves around the world today then there ever was before. Like Nazis we Americans have committed atrocities such as Genocide, Slavery... I am a white American, I have seen my black friends, fellow Americans being abused by police. If only people could see each others souls instead of skin color. Trump and the Republicans scare the Hell out of me. I am terrified for myself, fellow Americans of different skin tones, immigrants who have no other choice than to risk their lives to come here. Jesus said to love thy neighbor as yourself. I pray for our Country, for my fellow Americans. I know this is a long post, but I am so depressed about what I see happening. I am afraid of the past becoming the future.

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  15. i am so sorry for the horrible experience your ancestor had to live trough day by day, it is horrific to me to learn of this very dark dark times in america's history,i am an Italian woman and i have come to this country really not knowing the true story if this country, i admire you and the strength and determination you all show every single day , i am so sad to see that discrimination is still happening in the american culture but i also see signs of enlightenment of different people of all races standing against the darkness of prejudice and hate, there is hope that america will finally understand, it needs to start from our elected officials from grass roots movement from each and every one of us to teach the next generation and the the next and so on a better way a more loving way to be able to stop looking at each other and only see the color of our skin, but the person inside the eyes inside the soul.

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    1. We have graduated to modern slavery. Prayer, hope, and continuing to never give up is what we can all do. Unfortunately their are many victims of American racism. As long as those that are consumed with hate continue with greed and hatred, as long as hate and love coexist this type of behavior will continue. People like you and I will continue providing love and standing strong for all.

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    2. Yes anonymous...
      I too am an Italian woman and came to America when I was 5 with neither me nor my parents speaking English. I was abused as a 5 yr old by my kindergarten teacher who would call me Guinea and I d correct her and tell her that wasn't my name, thinking she had just made a mistake, clueless that it was her hatred for Italians that gave me that name. Every day she would make me stay in the dark coat closet and while all the children learned, I was in a dark closet not allowed to eat, play,learn or go to the bathroom I would go home sopping wet with pee because the teacher kept me in the closet! I was afraid to tell my parents what she did because I had felt I was bad so I didn't want my parents to punish me too. This teacher had done so many other terrible things to a 5 yr old all while calling me racist names that I didn't understand because I was Italian. This treatment has affected me my whole life and I remember everything vividly as if had happened yesterday. It unfortunately is a part of American culture to abuse and hate the new comers. Today it's the so called" illegals", yesterday it was the Asians and Legal immigrants but the Indians, who were slaughtered to the point that hundreds of tribes no longer exist because of genocide, is one of the worse things done by the American government and second would be the slavery of blacks and then the crimes during the reconstruction like the mass lynchings, up until now with police brutality and other stuff that would take to much space to include. Point is, America was never Great and was the opposite of Great for many and it's ingrained in American culture and psyche to be exclusive racist and rejecting of those who are viewed as different or foreign. I honestly wish my parents had never come here and am now making plans to go to Rome where my family originally came from. I was Trumped enough to last me a lifetime and the mood in America seems to be if right wing, racist fascist who voted Trump in so I think it's a sign of impending doom and time for me and my kids to go.

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  16. In my country in Africa middle class have maids, nannies and garden boys and more or less treat their servants like this in this day and age..

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    1. Learned behavior in which you should not boast about. It is just as wrong but on no level comparison. Protest it then brother!

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  17. AND?......Your point is...? What?
    Don't pee in the pot. Definitely, not the issue here.

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  18. the absolute worst disaster that ever befell man ...and some of its perpetrators desendants are here to lie about it ,deflect your slvery did not depend on dehumanizing an entire people. You could win your humanity back often by stealing ours , it was so important to steal the very milk of a child the greed

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  19. This is the history white people want to suppress.I understand why! this is truly horrible to treat another human this way. Get ready the Bible says we shall reap what we sow American.

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