Wednesday, October 26, 2011

MANILLA: MONEY OF THE SLAVE TRADE





Copper was the "red gold" of Africa and had been both mined there and traded across the Sahara by Italian and Arab merchants. The early Portuguese explorers of the 1470s observed that copper bracelets and leg-bands were the principal money all along the west African coast. They were usually worn by women to display their husband's wealth. The Portuguese crown contracted with manufacturers in Antwerp and elsewhere to produce crescent rings with flared ends of wearable size which came to be called "manilla," after the Latin manus (hand) or from monilia, plural of monile (necklace).


Manilla. Manillas were brass bracelet-shaped objects used by Europeans in trade with West Africa, from about the 16th century to the 1930s. They were made in Europe, perhaps based on an African original.Once Bristol entered the African trade, manillas were made locally for export to West Africa.

Records of a contract between the Portuguese government and Erasmus Schetz of Antwerp, who supplied the Portuguese factory at Mina with as many as 150,000 manillas per year, are widely quoted. The standard in 1529 was supposedly about 240m long, about 13m gauge, weighing 600 gram. However, no examples of torque-shaped bracelets in this weight range are known today, and a wreck dated to 1524 carried manillas of typical form but only slightly flared, averaging 306 grams.
Do these heavy Schetz manillas even exist today, and if so, what do they look like? Duchateau, Royal Art of Benin, shows a plaque with a European holding two pieces with barely flared ends whose apparent size could match these specifications, while p.15 ilustrates five pieces of conventional form, but without scale. Then, too, the Dutch participated in the trade. Did they get their manillas from nearby Antweerp as well, or did they use something different.

Objects used as currency were sometimes also in themselves desirable objects, frequently used for body ornamentation. In west Africa from the fourteenth century, copper bracelets were used as currency. After the arrival of Portuguese and other European traders, great numbers of these manillas (the Portuguese word for bracelet) were produced in Europe to trade in west Africa. This iron manilla was made in England, for trade with the Igbo people of Nigeria to obtain palm oil and ivory. The ship carrying this manilla from England to Africa was wrecked off the coast of Ireland in 1836. (http://www.prm.ox.ac.uk/LGweb/coins/1884_99_42.htm)

Manilla typology is a largely unexplored subject. While trader and traveler accounts are both plentiful and specific as to names and relative values, no drawings or detailed descriptions have survived which could link these accounts to specific manilla types found today. Historians and economists emphasize patterns of trade and show no interest in the specific appearance or variations among trade goods. Collectors rely on a confusing and incomplete chart by Johansson, Nigerian Currencies, unsourced, but reproduced endlessly, including in scholarly works. When I asked Johansson in 2007 about his sources, he said he could not remember. The chart shows nine named pieces, and he cites other types by area of use, which are not shown.

Twisted Manilla. Manillas, a type of currency in Africa.

Distinguishing factors are thickness and the diameter and degree of flare to the ends, size / weight, and shape. I believe that there really are few discreet types, mainly an evolutionary process: from large to small, heavy to light, crude to finished; end flare subtle to exaggerated, and footprint wide and rounded to small and elongated. The proliferation of African names is probably due more to regional customs than actual manufacturing practices. My own approach has been to examine and sort thousands of pieces obtained from different places over time, and try to apply the names in Johansson's chart, where possible, to varieties as found.

Attitude sketchbook detail - shackles and manillas.

Manillas, a type of currency in Africa

The bracelet is the most common money form in Africa. It served the important monetary functions of portability and wealth display.Variants of this form were accepted virtually everywhere in Africa, with the result that today it is often difficult to know where a particular type originated or was used, and to what extent it was either money or jewelry. My essay African Bracelet Money: Unanswered Questions surveys what we do know about bracelets and manillas. For purposes of this listing I have somewhat arbitrarily sorted out the Calabar rod pieces (perhaps earliest bracelet forms), the manillas (best documented as money), and legbands (differently worn) as separate categories. Detailed Offering of Bracelet Money is under construction.

Neckring
Neckring

222 comments:

  1. wooow this is sooo cool

    ReplyDelete
  2. I bought two unusual manillas...very large half kilo, said to be for ankle...one of them...at least.....need expert to look at them.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. All of us want to download Mod Apk for use unlocked features for free on our smartphone. Here Modfavor comes into play.

      Delete
    2. I have three Different manillas ancient currency for slave trade for sell from Nigeria I need a buyer because the poor Boy Needs money....

      Delete
    3. Kinemaster-mod-apk-without-watermark-free-1-latest
      https://kinemastermodapk.org.in/

      Delete
  3. Funny, in Suriname (former Dutch Guiana) descendants of enslaved Africans take great liking to gold and silver wrist bands which they call 'Slave Bracelets'. They have the same shape as the manilla's shown on this page. I have always associated the term 'slave bracelets' with shackles, and never understood why people would want to adorn themselves (and proudly so) with remembrants of slavery (my mom has one in gold, beset with precious stones). But this article makes me understand that the love for these jewelry may stem from a time before enslavement, a time when the ancestors were free, and hip and cool and wealthy in Africa :-) Thanks for writing this.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Manilla wasn't necessarily freedom unfortunately. African tribe leaders would sell their own people of lower status as slaves to obtain jewelry currency. Then use the jewelry to show off their wealth and power. The history of slavery is very long. The history of human civilization valuing material over other humans is even longer.

      Delete
  4. Googled the Surinamse custom a bit, and learned that I am not the only one who was puzzled by the term 'slave bracelet'. In Dutch (Suriname's language) the word is spelled 'slavenarmband'. If you google it, you'll see lots of pictures. Even more interesting is this article http://www.fashionscene.nl/trends/130002/hip-of-horror-slaven-armband - (sorry it is in Dutch); the translated title: "Hip or Horror: Slave Bracelet" - about the Italian version of Vogue magazine refering to 'slave earrings', which apparently caused an uproar. In the Dutch article, the author wonders why no one is upset about the term 'slave bracelet'. Clearly, they haven't been to USSlave.Blogspot...

    ReplyDelete
  5. This is largely drawn from my website, coincoin.com where I offer manillas for sale - that's OK, I don't © anything - but kind of sad that with all the deserved interest in the history of slavery, so little academic time has been devoted to identifying and classifying the objects used in the three corner trade. The drawing is © John Ohannesian.

    ReplyDelete
  6. This is largely drawn from my website, coincoin.com where I offer manillas for sale - that's OK, I don't © anything - but kind of sad that with all the deserved interest in the history of slavery, so little academic time has been devoted to identifying and classifying the objects used in the three corner trade. The drawing is © John Ohannesian.

    ReplyDelete
  7. What is the value of a African manilla bracelet?

    ReplyDelete
  8. Shree Parshavnath Creation is one of the preeminent Designer Bangles Manufacturers in Delhi, India.

    ReplyDelete
  9. Dr Driving is one of the my favourite game ever and today I am going to share Dr Driving Mod Apk
    https://www.drdrivingmodapk.xyz/

    ReplyDelete
  10. Thanks for this article.You might be interested in :og whatsapp new version

    ReplyDelete
  11. Really great article, you guys are doing a great work, keep posting good stuff, If your audience is into Tech do share 30 MiUi 11 Tips and Tricks
    Gizdoc Tech Paradise

    ReplyDelete
  12. tweakbox apk download free apps for your mobile without any fee.

    ReplyDelete
  13. Thanks for sharing information. Your web-site is very cool. I am impressed by the details that you have on this blog. It reveals how nicely you perceive this subject..
    Download Insgram Plus 2020 latest version Download Instagram Plus Latest Version APK For Android, Best Instagram Version To Download Photo And Video From Instagram Easily.Click here to download

    ReplyDelete
  14. their life is so much different from us. they live like in the century of 16.
    Tekken 7 APK+ISO. In this game, the fighters fight against the enemies for their survival. The fighters have different controls and fighting styles that help in the battle. Here is the latest 2020 and updated version of taken 7 APK + ISO game. you will like it most.
    visit and check

    ReplyDelete
  15. Replies
    1. In the text box provided, type in your name or the text you want to use for your post. in Stylish Names Generator

      Delete
  16. Your site has a lot of useful information for myself. I visit regularly. Hope to have more quality items. Also I would like to share some information also. Check out GBWhatsapp APK Download

    ReplyDelete
  17. If you want to download new version Gbmods just click on GBInstagram Apk Download button to get official link

    ReplyDelete
  18. Here available to download recent update GB Whatsapp 2020 New for you

    ReplyDelete
  19. Nice and informative post thanks for sharing with us I really like to read it! OGWHATSAPP Apk

    ReplyDelete
  20. This website and I conceive this internet site is really informative ! Keep on putting up!free gbwhatsapp

    ReplyDelete
  21. Thanks for sharing Shala Darpan with us, guys! You are doing a great thing!

    ReplyDelete
  22. Thanks for the informative and helpful post, obviously in your blog everything is good..


    the rice purity test

    ReplyDelete
  23. This is also a very good post which I really enjoyed reading. It is not every day that I have the possibility to see something like this..


    notepad++ mac dmg

    ReplyDelete
  24. Nice Article. Thanks for Sharing..
    I am looking to DownloadKinemaster pro Apk
    or Kinemaster for PC Windows
    If you can help me to download this Apk without using the Anonytun Pro Mod Apk. Then I will thankful to you..

    ReplyDelete
  25. You need to take part in a contest for one of the finest websites on the net. I will highly recommend this website!
    ZoozMobile

    ReplyDelete
  26. Thanks for sharing such a great information. I Enjoyed reading through your site

    ReplyDelete
  27. dekhiye Mahabharat Star Plus S3 Ki All Episode List

    ReplyDelete
  28. Hi everyone, I've seen comments from people who have already received a loan from Anderson Loan Finance. I really thought it was a scam, and then I decided to contact them based on their recommendations because I really needed a loan. A few days ago, I confirmed on my personal bank account the amount of 12,000.00 euros that I asked for with an interest of 2%. This is really good news and I advise anyone who needs a real loan and who is sure they will repay the loan to contact them via email. (fax) +1 315-329-6320.

    They can lend you a loan!
    Please contact Mr. Anderson
    Email: andersonraymondloanfinance@gmail.com
    Phone: +1 315-329-6320
    Visit the office at @ (68 Fremont Ave Penrose CO, 81240) ..

    ReplyDelete
  29. The material and aggregation is excellent and telltale as comfortably.

    gb whatsapp download free

    ReplyDelete
  30. 123movies algorithms, I’m actually somewhat appalled by what I’m seeing.

    ReplyDelete
  31. download kinemaster pro is a fully unlocked video editor app for android without watermark. It is the best powerful android video editing software. You can easily edit your project videos like a professional level.

    ReplyDelete
  32. Philadelphia Eagles Game Live Streaming Football Online Eagles NFL Game Live The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional NFL team based in Philadelphia. You can watch Philadelphia Eagles game live streaming online. Get the latest Philadelphia Eagles schedule, TV channel, news updates.

    ReplyDelete
  33. San Francisco 49ers Game Live Streaming Football Online 49ers NFL Game Live The San Francisco 49ers are a professional NFL team based in the San Francisco Bay Area. You can watch San Francisco 49ers game live streaming online. Get the latest San Francisco 49ers schedule, TV channel, news update here.

    ReplyDelete
  34. Thanks for sharing the sort of first-rate information.Visit technandu.com! I Enjoyed studying thru your web site

    ReplyDelete
  35. xvideo studio video editor apk is one of the best application to edit videos. With the help of this application you can make a best video content of your blog and edit easily.

    ReplyDelete
  36. Excellent Blog! I would like to thank for the efforts you have made in writing this post. I am hoping the same best work from you in the future as well.
    bestindia
    click here
    best-india

    ReplyDelete
  37. Oh my god You Don't Know this app

    ReplyDelete
  38. Really nice article! Thanks for sharing this amazing post. Curious to get more posts like this.
    Join latest WhatsApp Groups for study and news.

    ReplyDelete
  39. thank you very much for sharing suh valuable info with us we are very much excited for more info from you also check our post Whatsapp Group Links

    ReplyDelete
  40. Thank you soo much for sharing this amazing information with us we all with our team has been searching many posts but none satisfied and we refered to many of our friends also hoping to get many updated info in coming days do check our Whatsapp Group Links

    ReplyDelete
  41. it helped us a lot and thank you very much from buttom of my heart as we all have been searching for it for a while also visit Whatsapp Group Links

    ReplyDelete
  42. https://opstatus.in/earn-paypal-money-2021/

    ReplyDelete
  43. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  44. Join Best WhatsApp Group Link 2021. You can found here all types of whatsapp group links

    ReplyDelete
  45. Great post I must say and thanks for the information. Education is definitely a sticky subject. However, is still among the leading topics of our time. I appreciate your post and look forward to more. what is roas

    ReplyDelete
  46. check lottery result check lottery result thelotteryresults Thunderball Results Firstly Originated On June 12, 1999. UK National Lottery Firstly Held The Thunderball Lottery Game,

    ReplyDelete
  47. check lottery result check lottery result thelotteryresults Thunderball Results Firstly Originated On June 12, 1999. UK National Lottery Firstly Held The Thunderball Lottery Game,

    ReplyDelete
  48. Great info Keep it up.
    Supportingblog give you a platform where you can promote business free by joining and sharing whatsapp group links unlimited. and you can unlimited whatsapp group link girls, funny, friendship, love, romance etc. if you want. You should visit links.
    Supportingblog Free

    ReplyDelete
  49. GBWhatspp or GB Whatsapp latest version of modified official Whatsapp APK. here you can Download Download GBWhatsapp for your device.

    ReplyDelete
  50. Thanks for sharing this with us even i don't know the reality and behain the all strategy of this well, Instagram pro mod apk is one of the best plate form where you can share your old pictures and information you also need to do that as well.

    ReplyDelete
  51. Hii I Am Form
    WhatsApp Group Links
    Your Content Was Very Nice Thanks For You

    ReplyDelete
  52. With Youtube thumbnail download you can downlod thumbnails of any video on youtube.

    ReplyDelete
  53. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  54. Need help in Business Assignment? Come to My assignment experts and consult our maths experts now. We provide top-quality online Business Assignment help at extremely low prices.

    ReplyDelete
  55. Thanks for Share this Info.
    Keep Posting Boss.

    Check: Pharmacy Names

    ReplyDelete
  56. We at My Assignment Experts aim to deliver the best quality contents to students so that they can score top grades.
    Assignment Help Adelaide

    ReplyDelete
  57. If you need marketing assignment help, don't waste your time, come to my assignment experts. Our experts provide the best high-quality marketing assignments as well unlike the other sites available on the internet.  Our writers would immediately respond to your queries and come up with a well-research assignment within deadline.

    ReplyDelete
  58. aap layout me link widget add kare.. or usme apni links add kare.

    contact form me kya dikkat aa rahi hai wo batao please my site link- thehinditips.xyz

    ReplyDelete
  59. My friend suggest me your website and i always feel happy while reading your article Find Best Name and Quotes Ideas

    ReplyDelete
  60. Pokemon Go Mod Apk: v0.215.1 – A social feature has been added in Pokémon GO which now allows users to connect socially and commercial features.

    ReplyDelete
  61. Watch Live IPL Matches with the Latest Thoptv IPL App 2021. IPL cricket tournament is marked as a festival in India (see the live broadcast of Live IPL App 2021).

    ReplyDelete
  62. I found this post very helpful and would appreciate if you could keep updating it. I also love reading other topics that are posted on your blog, please be sure to write some more!

    skyleap for pc windows10

    ReplyDelete
  63. I found your web site via Google whilst searching for a similar subject, your website came up, it looks good.Really very happy to say,your post is very interesting to read.I never stop myself to say something about it.You’re doing a great job.Your post is owsum,Keep it up.
    countdowntimer

    ReplyDelete
  64. vst4crack is a software application that is so advanced that it doesn't even allow us to encrypt the files that it is protecting, thus avoiding certain types of virus attacks.








    ReplyDelete
  65. Wonderful information! I found amazing information on the blogs i suggest everyone to follow the links below to get download files from this website.

    Mobile Prices Bangladesh

    ReplyDelete
  66. This is a very very best for getting a live location of your packages star track courier tracking

    ReplyDelete
  67. Great site I like it.Did anyone want to see the new best All tracking courier so click here.
    yanwen tracking

    ReplyDelete
  68. Great post i am very happy to see this.Did you want to get you live location parcel so click here.
    star track track and trace

    ReplyDelete
  69. Hello amazing post thanks for sharing Also click here for check the new uk lottery result.thunderball results for tonight

    ReplyDelete
  70. Great site I like it.Did anyone want to see the new best All tracking courier

    ReplyDelete
  71. Thanks for the great content sir. Thanks for the above share, I will forward the same in my WhatsApp Groups. New WhatsApp Group Links

    ReplyDelete
  72. Thanks for the great content sir. Thanks for the above share, I will forward the same in my WhatsApp Groups.

    New whatspp groups link 2022

    ReplyDelete
  73. Me ha gustado mucho el contenido de este blog, voy a compartir con mis amigos mediante WhatsApp apk plus y quedo a la espera de más artículos como este.

    ReplyDelete
  74. Yo también compartiré esta info tan interesante mediante GBWhatsApp Pro con mis amigos.

    ReplyDelete
  75. If you are looking to download the software baixar vray sketchup crackeado 2021 portugues 32 64 bits gratis visit the given link, you will find the working software.

    ReplyDelete
  76. Thanks For Sharing such a great information

    ReplyDelete
  77. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  78. GBWhastapp is full of features. I'm sure you won't choose others if you install it now. Check out the interesting features of gbwhatsapp here.

    ReplyDelete
  79. an't afford to hire an expert for your assignment writing help online? Numerous websites and portals are the best assignment writing service available on the internet, but are they too costly to afford? Allowing money to become a barrier between you and high grades is not a smart idea. Many professionals are now offering big discounts and incentives for assignment writing help! So why are you wasting your time thinking? Simply take advantage of the offers and get customized assignment Help Sydney that will improve your academic performance and allow you to expand your abilities.

    ReplyDelete
  80. My friend suggest me your website and i always feel happy while reading your article Best website for Baby Names Ideas

    ReplyDelete
  81. The ilike PDF Watermark Crack Remover is a reliable and easy-to-use PDF watermark removal software that enables you to quickly remove watermarks from PDF documents. ilike PDF Watermark Remover is very easy to remove watermarks from PDF files. PDF Watermark Remover software offers you the fast, safe and efficient solution.

    ReplyDelete
  82. thanks for sharing amazing information keep posting. https://thunderapk.com/

    ReplyDelete
  83. Visit here to Download the Latest WhatsApp Group Links App and the Latest IPL 2022 Cricket Live Line from Play Store
    https://snip.ly/5hef33

    ReplyDelete
  84. The passmark performancetest 10 1 build 1005 makes it easy to test your computer and compare its performance against benchmark statistics and other users’ PCs. Benchmarking your PC is important in tuning its performance and critical for overclocking. PassMark PerformanceTest 10 Crack runs a battery of sophisticated benchmarks and returns some expert-level data.

    ReplyDelete
  85. Naukriname Says that https://naukriname.com This is cool post and i quite like to see this post. your site is fantastic and you have good staff in your blog. i appreciate your for sharing amazing article.

    ReplyDelete
  86. My friend suggest me your website and i always feel happy Mini Militia for PC/Laptop

    ReplyDelete
  87. Thank you for providing this information. This website has a lot of useful information. A fantastic piece, and I am grateful and hopeful that you will write many more like it.
    ทางเข้าเล่น igoal

    ReplyDelete
  88. Thanks for writing such useful content, I like your style of writing and frequently read your content.
    สล็อต ค่าย fc

    ReplyDelete
  89. Thanks for sharing amazing information keep posting. Blombudsportalen.se

    ReplyDelete
  90. If you are familiar with the whole series of GTA, You will definitely appreciate its popularity and importance. We need to understand the history of this game and its story and get involved. Let’s all try to find out about the plot of this game. GTA 5 APK

    ReplyDelete
  91. it is very horrible through that to make human slave for own mental satisfaction. Infact it is a type of mental disorder disease... Top Follow Apk Download

    ReplyDelete
  92. drawingstudios.com Download offline/online game unlimited mod apk for Android with Safe, fast and 100% working.

    ReplyDelete
  93. Having millions of fans worldwide, Roblox is a game creation platform where one can create their own game and play other user's generated games.

    ReplyDelete
  94. Your blog provided us with valuable information to work with
    สมัคร habanero slot

    ReplyDelete
  95. Are you looking for a bereal profile picture viewer. There are many tools in online and also there are somany apps to download and view Facebook and Instagram profile pictures.

    Social Tips Zone

    bereal profile picture download

    ReplyDelete
  96. Descargar Power Warriors APKec players se puede describir mejor como una aplicación de Android que permite a los usuarios chatear con otros jugadores, así como con los miembros de su equipo en cualquier momento.

    ReplyDelete

  97. Thanks for the valuable information to share on this platform I learn a lot thanks for the great amazing content for this website. bombitup

    ReplyDelete
  98. make post title look more catchy with online aesthetic font generator to get maximum reach

    ReplyDelete
  99. to get more posts like this what you have to do is join WhatsApp group links

    ReplyDelete
  100. Convert all your jpg images into pdf by using jpg to pdf tool. Click Here to visit.

    ReplyDelete
  101. S&A Transport Express LLC is a reputable and reliable transportation company in South Africa that offers a wide range of transportation services. Their commitment to customer satisfaction and safety, along with their use of modern technology, has made them a trusted partner for businesses and individuals across South Africa.

    ReplyDelete
    Replies
    1. Open up your Instagram app and create a new post or story from Fancy Text Generator

      Delete
  102. Adjust the text size, color, and position from Stylish Text Generator

    ReplyDelete
  103. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  104. This article provides an interesting historical perspective on the significance of copper in Africa. It highlights how copper was considered the "red gold" of the continent and was extensively mined and traded by Italian and Arab merchants, including across the Sahara. love calculator free

    ReplyDelete
  105. Click the Insta Up Apk Download button to get the most recent version of MB WhatsApp.

    ReplyDelete
  106. I have got very good information in this article and thank you for giving such information in every article. बिना वाटरमार्क के कीनमास्टर डाउनलोड करें।

    ReplyDelete
  107. Kinemaster mod apk has many great features that make it easy for anyone to create amazing videos

    ReplyDelete
  108. Manilla, money, slave trade, historical significance, currency, West Africa

    Introduction:

    The Manilla, a form of currency used during the era of the transatlantic slave trade, holds immense historical significance. This unique form of money played a pivotal role in the exchange and acquisition of enslaved individuals across West Africa. As we delve into the intriguing history of Manilla and its connection to the slave trade, we will explore its origins, usage as a means of exchange in this dark period of history, and its lasting impact on both economic systems and cultural practices. Join us on this journey through time as we uncover the story behind this powerful symbol of oppression and resistance. Most students are drawn to these types of articles and information, but they are unable to prepare for their exams, If you have been struggling with your exams and want assistance, students can hire online test taker for me and get higher grades on their examinations by providing them with the best available resources, including quality academic services.

    ReplyDelete